Marriage A Legal Form Of Slavery Essays - , Term Papers

Marriage: A Legal Form of Slavery In the society of Mill's time period a woman's destiny was to be dainty, delicate, patient and graceful. She grew up without education, without having a career and without having the right to vote on laws and issues that pertained to her. The only choice that these women had was to get married and with this marriage she gave away every right that she had. In other words she is now worse off that a slave that actually had more rights and privileges than she. After marriage she has nothing of her own to claim not even her children. Men did not care about her rights, they grew up with a mind set that they controlled everything, that their wives were to be obedient and that their offspring were his and he claimed them as his and only his if the woman were to leave. Every little boy was raised with this sense of superiority. A woman could not do what a man could; she could not be educated because her role was to be a mother and nothing else. With a woman decided to marry it wasn't always of her choice, it was more of that there was no other opportunity for her. When married everything that she owned was now her husbands, including anything valuable that was hers. She could not even claim her children as her own even if her husband were dead. If he left his children to someone other than his wife she may have not even been able to see them. Anything that the wife did her husband was responsible for. She was more or less treated as if she were a child herself. A husband could also beat his wife or commit spousal rape without any punishment. As Mill says that, "Men are not required, as a preliminary to the marriage ceremony, to prove by testimonials that they are fit to be trusted with the exercise of absolute power," he means that what they may say does not mean that is what they are held to and do in their marriage (Mill 35). Even though in most marriages the husbands are not power hungry against their own wives, a married woman is worse off than a slave in that day of age. A slave compared to a married woman has more rights than she does. A slave can claim their own valuable properties and does not have to hand anything of theirs over to their slaveholder. Unlike a married woman a slave is not a slave all hours of the day. He has a fixed schedule of chores that he does in a day and once they are completed he is son. A slave does have a life of his own when he is off duty. A slave also has time for his own family when he is not working. A married woman is always on duty; she has no time for herself to make a life of her own. She is totally committed to her husband and all of his needs without time for herself. Slaves can actually have time for themselves and do what they please in their own interests. What Mill is trying to say is that as a married woman she has lesser rights than that of a slave. Mill shows a good parallel comparing a woman to a slave, which makes an impact on male readers that did not think very highly of black slaves. That is why thi s analogy is very good. Saying that slaves have more rights than their women might make men think of why it is that slaves have these rights and women do not. In conclusion Mill did a good job of getting his point across and in an interesting way. Saying that since marriage is legal and women are treated worse than slaves it is a legal form of slavery. This is true in many situations of this time. The best point that is made is that a slave is not a slave all hours of the day and does have a life of his own. Many women did not have this luxury unless they were of an upper class, which made all

Crystallization Definition

Crystallization Definition Crystallization is the solidification of atoms or molecules into a highly structured form called a crystal. Usually, this refers to the slow precipitation of crystals from a solution of a substance. However, crystals can form from a pure melt or directly from deposition from the gas phase. Crystallization can also refer to the solid-liquid separation and purification technique in which mass transfer occurs from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase. Although crystallization may occur during precipitation, the two terms are not interchangeable. Precipitation simply refers to the formation of an insoluble (solid) from a chemical reaction. A precipitate may be amorphous or crystalline. The Process of Crystallization Two events must occur for crystallization to occur. First, atoms or molecules cluster together on the microscopic scale in a process called nucleation. If the clusters become stable and sufficiently large, crystal growth may occur. Atoms and compounds can generally form more than one crystal structure (polymorphism). The arrangement of particles is determined during the nucleation stage of crystallization. This may be influenced by multiple factors, including temperature, the concentration of the particles, pressure, and the purity of the material. In a solution in the crystal growth phase, an equilibrium is established in which solute particles dissolve back into the solution and precipitate as a solid. If the solution is supersaturated, this drives crystallization because the solvent cannot support continued dissolving. Sometimes having a supersaturated solution is insufficient to induce crystallization. It may be necessary to provide a seed crystal or a rough surface to start nucleation and growth. Examples of Crystallization A material may crystallize either naturally or artificially and either quickly or over geological timescales. Examples of natural crystallization include: Snowflake formationCrystallization of honey in a jarStalactite and stalagmite formationGemstone crystal deposition Examples of artificial crystallization include: Growing sugar crystals in a jarProduction of synthetic gemstones Crystallization Methods There are many methods used to crystallize a substance. To a large degree, these depend on whether the starting material is an ionic compound (e.g., salt), covalent compound (e.g., sugar or menthol), or a metal (e.g., silver or steel). Ways of growing crystals include: Cooling a solution or meltEvaporating solventAdding a second solvent to reduce the solubility of the soluteSublimationSolvent layeringAdding another cation or anion The most common process is to dissolve the solute in a solvent in which it is at least partially soluble. Often the temperature of the solution is increased to increase solubility so the maximum amount of solute goes into solution. Next, the warm or hot mixture is filtered to remove undissolved material or impurities. The remaining solution (the filtrate) is allowed to slowly cool to induce crystallization. The crystals may be removed from the solution and allowed to dry or else washed using a solvent in which they are insoluble. If the process is repeated to increase the purity of the sample, it is called recrystallization. The rate of cooling of the solution and the amount of evaporation of the solvent can greatly impact the size and shape of the resulting crystals. Generally, slower is better: slowly cool the solution and minimize evaporation.